Comercio justo, seguridad alimentaria y globalización: construyendo sistemas alimentarios alternativos
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Este ensayo examina las políticas y prácticas de la certificación de comercio justo (fairtrade) con el fin de evaluar si este sistema de comercio alternativo puede contribuir con soluciones innovadoras a la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Para ello, se examina en primer lugar los principales retos y problemas a los que se enfrenta el sistema alimentario mundial. En segundo lugar, se explora la historia, visión y estándares de certificación del sello fairtrade. En tercer lugar, se evalúan los efectos de fairtrade sobre la calidad de vida de los pequeños agricultores del sur global para entender las fortalezas y debilidades de este sistema de certificación. En cuarto lugar, se analiza si, y en qué forma, el sistema fairtrade podría contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Para concluir, este ensayo sugiere que el mayor valor de fairtrade no reside en su sello de certificación, sino más bien en sus principios sociales y ambientales. De hecho los estándares de fairtrade tienen el potencial de inspirar políticas internacionales que podrían conducir a una transformación sostenible del sistema alimentario mundial.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Citas
Aguilera, Eduardo, Luis Lassaletta, Andreas Gattinger y Benjamín S. Gimeno. 2013. “Managing Soil Carbon for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Mediterranean Cropping Systems: A Meta-Analysis”. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 168: 25-36.
Allen, Patricia y Hilary Melcarek. 2009. “Organic Agriculture and Food Security: Saving the Environment, Feeding the World?” En Organic Farming: The Ecological System, editado por Charles Francis, 235-252. Madison: American Society of Agronomy/ Crop Science Society of America/ Soil Science Society of America.
Biel, Robert. 2014. “Visioning a Sustainable Energy Future: The Case of Urban Food-Growing”. Theory, Culture & Society 31 (5): 181-212.
______. 2006. “The Interplay between Social and Environmental Degradation in the Development of the International Political Economy”. Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (1): 109-47.
Carolan, Michael. 2013. Reclaiming Food Security. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
______. 2011. The Real Cost of Cheap Food. Londres: Earthscan.
Center for Evaluation (CEVAL). 2012. Assessing the Impact of Fairtrade on Poverty Reduction through Rural Development. Final Report Fairtrade Impact Study. Saarbru?cken, Alemania: Saarland University. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
Coraggio, José Luis. 2011. Economía social y solidaria. El trabajo antes que el capital. Quito: Abya-Yala.
De Schutter, Olivier. 2014. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter. Final Report: The Transformative Potential of the Right to Food. Nueva York: UN Human Rights Council. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
http://www.srfood.org/images/stories/pdf/officialreports/20140310_finalreport_en.pdf
______. 2009. “The Right to Food: Fighting for Adequate Food in a Global Crisis”. Harvard International Review 38 (2): 38-42.
ETC Group. 2013. Gene Giants Seek “Philanthrogopoly”. Montreal: ETC Group. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
http://www.etcgroup.org/sites/www.etcgroup.org/files/ETCCommCharityCartel_March2013_final.pdf
______. 2011. Who Will Control the Green Economy? Montreal: ETC Group. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
http://www.etcgroup.org/files/publication/pdf_file/ETC_wwctge_4web_Dec2011.pdf
______. 2008. Who Owns Nature? Corporate Power and the Final Frontier in the Commodification of Life. Montreal: ETC Group. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) y Platform for Agrobiodiversity Researh (PAR). 2011. Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. Contributing to Food Security and Sustainability in a Changing World. Roma: FAO. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/biodiversity_paia/PAR-FAO-book_lr.pdf
FAO, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) y World Food Programme (WFP). 2015. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015. Meeting the 2015 International Hunger Targets: Taking Stock of Uneven Progress. Roma: FAO. Acceso el 25 de octubre de 2015.
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4646e.pdf
Fairtrade International (FLO). 2015. Fairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizations. Bonn, Alemania: Fairtrade Labeling International. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/SPO_EN.pdf
______. 2014a. Strong Producers, Strong Future. Annual Report 2013-14. Bonn, Alemania: Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
______. 2014b. Fairtrade Standard for Hired Labour. Bonn, Alemania: Fairtrade Labeling International. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
______. 2013a. Fairtrade Theory of Change. Bonn, Alemania: Fairtrade Labeling International. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
______. 2013b. Monitoring the Scope and Benefits of Fairtrade Fifth Edition 2013. Bonn, Alemania: Fairtrade Labeling International. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
FLOCERT. 2014. “Fee System Small Producer Organization”. Bonn, Alemania: FLOCERT. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
http://www.flocert.net/fairtrade-services/fairtrade-certification/fees/
Foley, Jonathan A., Navin Ramankutty, Kate A. Brauman, Emily S. Cassidy, James S. Gerber, Matt Johnston, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Christine O’Connell, Deepak K. Ray, Paul C. West, Christian Balzer, Elena M. Bennett, Stephen R. Carpenter, Jason Hill, Chad Monfreda, Stephen Polasky, Johan Rockström, John Sheehan, Stefan Siebert, David Tilman y David P. M. Zaks. 2011. “Solutions for a Cultivated Planet”. Nature 478: 337-342.
Freibauer, Annette, Erik Mathijs, Gianluca Brunori, Zoya Damianova, Elie Faroult, Joan Girona i Gomis, Lance O’Brien y Sébastien Treyer. 2011. Sustainable Food Consumption and Production in a Resource-Constrained World. Bruselas: European Commission / Standing Committee on Agricultural Research. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
https://ec.europa.eu/research/agriculture/scar/pdf/scar_feg3_final_report_01_02_2011.pdf
Garnett, Tara. 2013. “Food Sustainability: Problems, Perspectives and Solutions”. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 72 (1): 29-39.
George, Susan. 2010. Whose Crisis, Whose Future? Towards a Greener, Fairer, Richer World. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Godfray, H. Charles J., John R. Beddington, Ian R. Crute, Lawrence Haddad, David Lawrence, James F. Muir, Jules Pretty, Sherman Robinson, Sandy M. Thomas y Camilla Toulmin. 2010. “Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People”. Science 327 (5967): 812-818.
Guerra, Pablo. 2012. “Las legislaciones sobre economía social y solidaria en América Latina entre la autogestión y la visión sectorial”. Revista de la Facultad de Derecho 33: 73-94.
High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE). 2015. Water for Food Security and Nutrition. A Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. Roma: CFS / FAO. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/hlpe/hlpe_documents/HLPE_Reports/HLPE-Report-9_EN.pdf
Hudson, Ian, Mark Hudson y Mara Fridell. 2013. Fair Trade, Sustainability and Social Change. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 2014. Annual Report 2014. Roma: IFAD. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
http://www.ifad.org/pub/ar/2014/e/full.pdf
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) e International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). 2014. The State of Sustainability Initiatives Review 2014. Standards and the Green Economy. Reporte de IISD y IIED. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
https://www.iisd.org/pdf/2014/ssi_2014.pdf
Jaffee, Daniel. 2011. “Fair Trade and Development: A Changing Paradigm”. En The Politics of Fair Trade: A Survey, editado por Meera Warrier, 87-104. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
______. 2007. Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival. University of California Press.
Jaffee, Daniel y Philip H. Howard. 2010. “Corporate Cooptation of Organic and Fair Trade Standards”. Agriculture and Human Values 27 (4): 387-399.
Jawtusch, Julia, Bernadette Oehen y Urs Niggli. 2011. “Environmental, Social, and Economic Impacts of Sustainability Certification in the Agricultural Sector-The Current State of Empirical Research”. En The World of Organic Agriculture-Statistics and Emerging Trends 2011, editado por Helga Willer y Lukas Kilcher, 88-91. Frick y Bonn: FiBL / IFOAM.
Knapp, Steve. 2010. “Fair Trade at the Centre of Development”. En Fair Trade, Corporate Accountability and Beyond: Experiments in Globalizing Justice, editado por Kate Macdonald y Shelley Marshall, 37-57. Surrey, England: Ashgate.
Lang, Tim y David Barling. 2012. “Food Security and Food Sustainability: Reformulating the Debate”. The Geographical Journal 178 (4): 313-326.
Lawrence, Geoffrey, Carol Richards y Kristen Lyons. 2013. “Food Security in Australia in an Era of Neoliberalism, Productivism and Climate Change”. Journal of Rural Studies 29: 30-39.
Laroche, Karine y Barbara Guittard. 2009. The Impact of Fairtrade Labelling on Small-Scale Producers: Conclusions of the First Studies. París: Max Havelaar France. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
Linton, April. 2012. Fair Trade from the Ground Up: New Markets for Social Justice. Seattle y Londres: University of Washington Press.
Lobao, Linda y Curtis W. Stofferahn. 2008. “The Community Effects of Industrialized Farming: Social Science Research and Challenges to Corporate Farming Laws”. Agriculture and Human Values 25 (2): 219-240.
MacDonald, Kate. 2014. The Politics of Global Supply Chains: Power and Governance Beyond the State. Cambridge: Polity Press.
MacDonald, Kate y Shelley Marshall. 2010. Fair Trade, Corporate Accountability and Beyond: Experiments in Globalizing Justice. Surrey, Inglaterra: Ashgate.
Marston, Andrea. 2013. “Justice for All? Material and Semiotic Impacts of Fair Trade Craft Certification”. Geoforum 44: 162-169.
McMichael, Philip y Mindi Schneider. 2011. “Food Security Politics and the Millenium Development Goals”. Third World Quarterly 32 (1): 119-139.
Millstone, Erik. 2010. “Chronic Hunger: A Problem of Scarcity or Inequity?” En The Limits to Scarcity: Contesting the Politics of Allocation, editado por Lyla Mehta, 179-193. Londres: Earthscan.
Mohan, Sushil. 2010. Fair Trade without the Froth. Londres: The Institute of Economic Affairs Monographs, Hobart Paper 170.
Naylor, Lindsay. 2014. “Some are more Fair than Others: Fair Trade Certification, Development, and North-South Subjects”. Agriculture and Human Values 31 (2): 273-284.
Nelson, Valerie y Barry Pound. 2009. The Last Ten Years: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature on the Impact of Fairtrade. Reporte comisionado por la Fundación Fairtrade y realizado por el Natural Resources Institute (NRI) de la Universidad de Greenwich. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
Pimbert, Michel. 2009. Towards Food Sovereignty. Londres: International Institute for Environment and Development.
Raynolds, Laura. T. 2012. “Fair Trade: Social Regulation in Global Food Markets”. Journal of Rural Studies 28 (3): 276-287.
Raynolds, Laura T., Douglas Murray y Andrew Heller. 2007. “Regulating Sustainability in the Coffee Sector: A Comparative Analysis of Third-Party Environmental and Social Certification Initiatives”. Agriculture and Human Values 24: 147-163.
Reed, Darryl. 2012. “Fairtrade International (FLO)”. En Bussiness Regulations and Non-State Actors, Whose Standards? Whose Development?, editado por Ananya Mukherjee Reed, Darryl Reed y Peter Utting, 300-315. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
SAC Rural Policy Centre. 2012. Power in Agriculture: A Vital Report on the Future of Farming. Oxford: The Oxford Farming Conference. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
http://www.ofc.org.uk/files/ofc/papers/sacreportfully-referenced.pdf
Shreck, Aimee. 2005. “Resistance, Redistribution, and Power in the Fair Trade Banana Initiative”. Agriculture and Human Values 22 (1): 17-29.
Shiva, Vandana. 2008. Soil not Oil: Climate Change, Peak Oil and Food Insecurity. Londres: Zed Books.
United Nations (UN). 2015. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. Nueva York: United Nations Publications. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 2013. Trade and Environment Review 2013. Wake Up before It Is Too Late. Make Agriculture Truly Sustainable Now for Food Security and Changing Climate. Nueva York: United Nations Publications. Acceso el 16 de febrero de 2016.
http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditcted2012d3_en.pdf
Vagneron, Isabelle y Solveig Roquigny. 2011. What do we really know about the impact of fair trade? A synthesis. París: PFCE.
Valiente-Riedl, Elisabeth. 2013. Is Fairtrade Fair? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Valkila, Joni y Anja Nygren. 2010. “Impacts of Fair Trade Certification on Coffee Farmers, Cooperatives, and Laborers in Nicaragua”. Agriculture and Human Values 27 (3): 321-333.
White, Courtney. 2014. Grass, Soil, Hope: A Journey Through Carbon Country. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing.
Ziegler, Jean. 2011. Destruction Massive: Géopolitique de la Faim. París: Seuil.
